{
  "source": "examples/morning-light-study.txt",
  "words": 472,
  "sections_found": [
    {
      "name": "abstract",
      "line": 6
    },
    {
      "name": "introduction",
      "line": 9
    },
    {
      "name": "methods",
      "line": 12
    },
    {
      "name": "results",
      "line": 15
    },
    {
      "name": "discussion",
      "line": 18
    },
    {
      "name": "limitations",
      "line": 21
    },
    {
      "name": "conclusion",
      "line": 24
    },
    {
      "name": "funding",
      "line": 27
    },
    {
      "name": "conflicts",
      "line": 30
    },
    {
      "name": "references",
      "line": 33
    }
  ],
  "sections_missing": [],
  "design": {
    "primary": "randomized controlled trial",
    "all_found": [
      {
        "name": "randomized controlled trial",
        "level": 2,
        "evidence": [
          {
            "line": 13,
            "text": "Participants were randomly assigned using a computer-generated list."
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "looked_in": "methods"
  },
  "sample": {
    "largest_n": 64,
    "mentions": [
      {
        "n": 32,
        "line": 7,
        "text": "n = 32"
      },
      {
        "n": 64,
        "line": 13,
        "text": "64 students"
      }
    ]
  },
  "statistics": {
    "p_values": [
      "p = 0.03",
      "p = 0.04",
      "p = 0.31"
    ],
    "significant_p_values": 2,
    "confidence_intervals": [
      "95% CI 0.2 to 2.6"
    ],
    "effect_sizes": [
      "d = 0.41"
    ]
  },
  "markers": {
    "control_group": [
      {
        "line": 7,
        "text": "Sixty-four students were randomly assigned to a daylight walk group (n = 32) or a control group that walked indoors at the same time (n = 32) for 4 weeks."
      },
      {
        "line": 7,
        "text": "The daylight group improved more than the control group (difference 1.4 points, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.6, p = 0.03, d = 0.41)."
      },
      {
        "line": 13,
        "text": "The daylight group walked outdoors for 20 minutes within one hour of waking; the control group walked for 20 minutes on an indoor track with no windows."
      },
      {
        "line": 16,
        "text": "PSQI scores fell from 8.1 to 6.0 in the daylight group and from 8.0 to 7.3 in the control group."
      }
    ],
    "blinding": [],
    "preregistration": [],
    "self_report": [
      {
        "line": 13,
        "text": "Sleep quality was measured by self-report with the PSQI at the start and after 4 weeks."
      },
      {
        "line": 13,
        "text": "Participants also kept a daily sleep diary."
      },
      {
        "line": 16,
        "text": "Diary-reported time to fall asleep was shorter in the daylight group (p = 0.04)."
      },
      {
        "line": 22,
        "text": "This was a small pilot study at a single university, and all sleep measures were self-reported."
      }
    ],
    "single_site": [
      {
        "line": 13,
        "text": "We recruited 64 students from one university in the spring term."
      },
      {
        "line": 22,
        "text": "This was a small pilot study at a single university, and all sleep measures were self-reported."
      }
    ],
    "follow_up": [
      {
        "line": 7,
        "text": "Sixty-four students were randomly assigned to a daylight walk group (n = 32) or a control group that walked indoors at the same time (n = 32) for 4 weeks."
      },
      {
        "line": 22,
        "text": "Participants could not be blinded to their group, and the follow-up lasted only 4 weeks."
      }
    ],
    "limitations": [
      {
        "line": 1,
        "text": "Morning Daylight Exposure and Sleep Quality in First-Year University Students: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study"
      },
      {
        "line": 22,
        "text": "This was a small pilot study at a single university, and all sleep measures were self-reported."
      },
      {
        "line": 22,
        "text": "Results should be interpreted with caution until confirmed in a larger trial."
      }
    ],
    "funding": [
      {
        "line": 27,
        "text": "Funding"
      },
      {
        "line": 28,
        "text": "This study was funded by a grant from BrightRise Lamps Inc., a maker of light therapy lamps."
      }
    ],
    "conflicts": [
      {
        "line": 30,
        "text": "Conflicts of interest"
      },
      {
        "line": 31,
        "text": "Reyes has received consulting fees from BrightRise Lamps Inc."
      },
      {
        "line": 31,
        "text": "The other authors declare no conflicts of interest."
      }
    ]
  },
  "negated_markers": {
    "blinding": [
      {
        "line": 22,
        "text": "Participants could not be blinded to their group, and the follow-up lasted only 4 weeks."
      }
    ],
    "preregistration": [
      {
        "line": 13,
        "text": "The trial was not preregistered."
      }
    ]
  },
  "pilot_or_feasibility": [
    {
      "line": 1,
      "text": "Morning Daylight Exposure and Sleep Quality in First-Year University Students: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study"
    },
    {
      "line": 22,
      "text": "This was a small pilot study at a single university, and all sleep measures were self-reported."
    }
  ],
  "industry_ties": [
    {
      "line": 28,
      "text": "This study was funded by a grant from BrightRise Lamps Inc., a maker of light therapy lamps."
    },
    {
      "line": 31,
      "text": "Reyes has received consulting fees from BrightRise Lamps Inc."
    }
  ],
  "says_no_conflicts": true,
  "wording": {
    "causal_sentences": 3,
    "hedged_sentences": 2,
    "causal_in_abstract_or_conclusion": [
      {
        "line": 7,
        "text": "We tested whether 20 minutes of outdoor morning daylight improves sleep quality."
      },
      {
        "line": 7,
        "text": "Morning daylight improves sleep in first-year students and should be part of campus wellness programs."
      },
      {
        "line": 25,
        "text": "Morning daylight walks may be a simple, low-cost way to improve sleep in first-year students."
      }
    ]
  },
  "reference_count": 4,
  "trust_notes": [
    {
      "level": "good",
      "note": "Design looks like a randomized controlled trial, one of the stronger kinds of evidence."
    },
    {
      "level": "note",
      "note": "Modest sample (largest count found: 64)."
    },
    {
      "level": "note",
      "note": "Not blinded (line 22): people who know their group can change the result."
    },
    {
      "level": "note",
      "note": "Says it was not preregistered (line 13): the authors could choose which results to report after seeing them."
    },
    {
      "level": "note",
      "note": "Uses self-reported measures (surveys, diaries), which are less exact than measured ones."
    },
    {
      "level": "note",
      "note": "Done at a single site, so results may not apply elsewhere."
    },
    {
      "level": "caution",
      "note": "A company is named in funding or interests; check whether it gains from the result."
    },
    {
      "level": "note",
      "note": "Called a pilot or feasibility study (line 1): meant to test the idea, not to settle it."
    },
    {
      "level": "caution",
      "note": "States the result firmly (line 7) although the study is small or a pilot."
    }
  ]
}